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Go 环境配置 ​

本章节将指导你配置 Go 开发环境，包括 Go 安装、模块管理、开发工具配置等。

📋 配置清单 ​

  • Go 安装
  • 环境变量配置
  • 模块管理
  • 开发工具安装
  • 项目配置
  • 验证安装

1. 安装 Go ​

直接安装 ​

macOS ​

bash
# 使用 Homebrew 安装
brew install go

Windows ​

powershell
# 使用 Chocolatey 安装
choco install golang

Linux ​

bash
# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt update
sudo apt install golang-go

手动安装 ​

macOS ​

bash
# 下载 Go
curl -O https://golang.org/dl/go1.21.0.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
bash
# 解压到 /usr/local
sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.21.0.darwin-amd64.tar.gz

Windows ​

powershell
# 下载 Go
# 访问: https://golang.org/dl/
# 下载 Windows 版本并安装

Linux ​

bash
# 下载 Go
wget https://golang.org/dl/go1.21.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
bash
# 解压到 /usr/local
sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.21.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz

2. 配置环境变量 ​

设置环境变量 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 设置 GOPATH 和 GOROOT
echo 'export GOPATH=$HOME/go' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'export GOROOT=/usr/local/go' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin' >> ~/.zshrc
bash
# 重新加载配置
source ~/.zshrc

Windows ​

powershell
# 设置环境变量
$env:GOPATH = "$HOME\go"
$env:GOROOT = "C:\Go"
$env:PATH += ";$env:GOROOT\bin;$env:GOPATH\bin"
powershell
# 永久设置环境变量
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("GOPATH", "$HOME\go", "User")
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("GOROOT", "C:\Go", "User")
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", $env:PATH + ";$env:GOROOT\bin;$env:GOPATH\bin", "User")

3. 配置 Go 代理 ​

设置 Go 模块代理 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 设置 Go 模块代理
go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn,direct
bash
# 设置 Go 模块校验数据库
go env -w GOSUMDB=sum.golang.google.cn
bash
# 启用 Go 模块
go env -w GO111MODULE=on

Windows ​

powershell
# 设置 Go 模块代理
go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn,direct
powershell
# 设置 Go 模块校验数据库
go env -w GOSUMDB=sum.golang.google.cn
powershell
# 启用 Go 模块
go env -w GO111MODULE=on

4. 安装开发工具 ​

调试工具 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 安装 Delve 调试器
go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest
bash
# 安装 Air 热重载工具
go install github.com/cosmtrek/air@latest

Windows ​

powershell
# 安装 Delve 调试器
go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest
powershell
# 安装 Air 热重载工具
go install github.com/cosmtrek/air@latest

代码质量工具 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 安装 golangci-lint
go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
bash
# 安装 goimports
go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports@latest
bash
# 安装 gopls (Go 语言服务器)
go install golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest

Windows ​

powershell
# 安装 golangci-lint
go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
powershell
# 安装 goimports
go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports@latest
powershell
# 安装 gopls (Go 语言服务器)
go install golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest

测试工具 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 安装 testify
go get github.com/stretchr/testify
bash
# 安装 gomock
go install github.com/golang/mock/mockgen@latest

Windows ​

powershell
# 安装 testify
go get github.com/stretchr/testify
powershell
# 安装 gomock
go install github.com/golang/mock/mockgen@latest

5. 项目配置 ​

创建新项目 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 创建项目目录
mkdir myproject
cd myproject
bash
# 初始化 Go 模块
go mod init myproject

Windows ​

powershell
# 创建项目目录
mkdir myproject
cd myproject
powershell
# 初始化 Go 模块
go mod init myproject

安装依赖 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 安装依赖
go get github.com/gin-gonic/gin
bash
# 整理依赖
go mod tidy
bash
# 下载依赖
go mod download

Windows ​

powershell
# 安装依赖
go get github.com/gin-gonic/gin
powershell
# 整理依赖
go mod tidy
powershell
# 下载依赖
go mod download

6. 配置文件 ​

创建 .gitignore ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 创建 .gitignore 文件
touch .gitignore
bash
# 添加 Go 相关忽略规则
echo "# Binaries for programs and plugins
*.exe
*.exe~
*.dll
*.so
*.dylib

# Test binary, built with \`go test -c\`
*.test

# Output of the go coverage tool, specifically when used with LiteIDE
*.out

# Dependency directories (remove the comment below to include it)
# vendor/

# Go workspace file
go.work

# IDE files
.vscode/
.idea/
*.swp
*.swo" > .gitignore

Windows ​

powershell
# 创建 .gitignore 文件
New-Item -Path .gitignore -ItemType File
powershell
# 添加 Go 相关忽略规则
@"
# Binaries for programs and plugins
*.exe
*.exe~
*.dll
*.so
*.dylib

# Test binary, built with \`go test -c\`
*.test

# Output of the go coverage tool, specifically when used with LiteIDE
*.out

# Dependency directories (remove the comment below to include it)
# vendor/

# Go workspace file
go.work

# IDE files
.vscode/
.idea/
*.swp
*.swo
"@ | Out-File -FilePath .gitignore -Encoding UTF8

创建 Air 配置 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 创建 Air 配置文件
touch .air.toml
bash
# 生成默认配置
air init

Windows ​

powershell
# 创建 Air 配置文件
New-Item -Path .air.toml -ItemType File
powershell
# 生成默认配置
air init

7. 调试配置 ​

VS Code 调试配置 ​

创建 .vscode/launch.json 文件：

json
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Launch Package",
      "type": "go",
      "request": "launch",
      "mode": "auto",
      "program": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "env": {},
      "args": []
    }
  ]
}

8. 性能优化 ​

配置 Go 缓存 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 查看 Go 缓存位置
go env GOCACHE
bash
# 清理 Go 缓存
go clean -cache

Windows ​

powershell
# 查看 Go 缓存位置
go env GOCACHE
powershell
# 清理 Go 缓存
go clean -cache

配置 Go 模块代理 ​

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 设置私有模块代理
go env -w GOPRIVATE=*.gitlab.com,*.gitee.com
bash
# 设置模块校验
go env -w GOSUMDB=sum.golang.google.cn

Windows ​

powershell
# 设置私有模块代理
go env -w GOPRIVATE=*.gitlab.com,*.gitee.com
powershell
# 设置模块校验
go env -w GOSUMDB=sum.golang.google.cn

✅ 验证安装 ​

完成安装后，验证以下工具是否正常工作：

macOS/Linux ​

bash
# 检查 Go
go version
bash
# 检查 Go 环境
go env
bash
# 检查 Delve
dlv version
bash
# 检查 Air
air -v
bash
# 检查 golangci-lint
golangci-lint --version
bash
# 检查 gopls
gopls version

Windows ​

powershell
# 检查 Go
go version
powershell
# 检查 Go 环境
go env
powershell
# 检查 Delve
dlv version
powershell
# 检查 Air
air -v
powershell
# 检查 golangci-lint
golangci-lint --version
powershell
# 检查 gopls
gopls version

🎉 下一步 ​

Go 环境配置完成后，继续配置其他编程语言环境：

遇到问题？ 查看 问题排查 页面。

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